World J Oncol

World Journal of Oncology, ISSN 1920-4531 print, 1920-454X online, Open Access

Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, World J Oncol and Elmer Press Inc

Journal website http://www.wjon.org

Review

Volume 10, Number 4-5, October 2019, pages 162-168

A Review of Localized Prostate Cancer: An African Perspective

Figure 1. Retropubic radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection for an unfavorable intermediate-risk T2b localized prostate cancer with Gleason grade group 3 and PSA of 15 ng/dL at the Hopital General de Grand Yoff, Dakar Senegal. PSA: prostate specific antigen.

**Table 1.** Demographics, Number of Patients and Presentation of Patients With Prostate Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa
Study	Study design	Number of patients	Mean age in years	Age range in years	Presentation
DRE: digital rectal exam; LUTS: lower urinary tract symptoms; PSA: prostate specific antigen.
Niang et al (Senegal) [8]	Retrospective study	164	65	43 - 96	LUTS/suspicious DRE/elevated PSA
Amegbor et al (Togo) [12]	Retrospective study	202	70	45 - 95
Ndoye et al (Senegal) [13]	Retrospective study	102	71 ± 9	51 - 96	Back pain/LUTS/suspicious DRE/neurological signs
Tengue et al (Togo) [14]	Prospective study	232	68.5 ± 9.6		Back pain/LUTS
Anunobi et al (Nigeria) [15]	Retrospective study	222	66	60 - 69
Kyei et al (Ghana) [10]	Prospective study	20	62.7	51 - 72	LUTS
Kabore et al (Burkina) [16]	Prospective study	168	68.59 ± 9.41	30 - 95	LUTS/suspicious DRE/elevated PSA
Wasike et al (Kenya) [17]	Prospective study	65	67	50 - 100	Suspicious DRE/elevated PSA
Kabore et al (Burkina) [18]	Prospective study	166	71.5	52 - 86	LUTS/suspicious DRE/elevated PSA
Gueye et al (Senegal) [19]	Retrospective study	121	69	52 - 88	LUTS
Obiorah et al (Nigeria) [20]	Retrospective study	198	70	42 - 90
Babacar et al (Senegal) [21]	Retrospective study	35	63 ± 5.9	41 - 74
Badmus et al (Nigeria) [22]	Retrospective study	189	68	40 - 100	LUTS/suspicious DRE
Mawakyoma et al (Tanzania) [23]	Prospective study	113	68	48 - 100

Table 1. Demographics, Number of Patients and Presentation of Patients With Prostate Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa

Study

Study design

Number of patients

Mean age in years

Age range in years

Presentation

DRE: digital rectal exam; LUTS: lower urinary tract symptoms; PSA: prostate specific antigen.

Niang et al (Senegal) [8]

Retrospective study

164

43 - 96

LUTS/suspicious DRE/elevated PSA

Amegbor et al (Togo) [12]

Retrospective study

202

45 - 95

Ndoye et al (Senegal) [13]

Retrospective study

102

71 ± 9

51 - 96

Back pain/LUTS/suspicious DRE/neurological signs

Tengue et al (Togo) [14]

Prospective study

232

68.5 ± 9.6

Back pain/LUTS

Anunobi et al (Nigeria) [15]

Retrospective study

222

60 - 69

Kyei et al (Ghana) [10]

Prospective study

62.7

51 - 72

LUTS

Kabore et al (Burkina) [16]

Prospective study

168

68.59 ± 9.41

30 - 95

LUTS/suspicious DRE/elevated PSA

Wasike et al (Kenya) [17]

Prospective study

50 - 100

Suspicious DRE/elevated PSA

Kabore et al (Burkina) [18]

Prospective study

166

71.5

52 - 86

LUTS/suspicious DRE/elevated PSA

Gueye et al (Senegal) [19]

Retrospective study

121

52 - 88

LUTS

Obiorah et al (Nigeria) [20]

Retrospective study

198

42 - 90

Babacar et al (Senegal) [21]

Retrospective study

63 ± 5.9

41 - 74

Badmus et al (Nigeria) [22]

Retrospective study

189

40 - 100

LUTS/suspicious DRE

Mawakyoma et al (Tanzania) [23]

Prospective study

113

48 - 100

**Table 2.** Mean PSA (ng/mL), the PSA Range as Well as the Histological Types
Study	PSA (ng/mL)	Histological type
PSA: prostate specific antigen.
Niang et al [8]	1,447.57	5.88 - 21,660	Commonest
Amegbor et al [12]	88.5	7.8 - 560.4	95%	1.9% squamous cell
Ndoye et al [13]	1,447.57 ± 812	5.88 - 21.660	97.7 %
Tengue et al [14]	123.5		100%
Anunobi [15]		< 4.1 - > 100	99.1%
Kyei et al [10]	16.12 ± 13.68	2.45 - 62.20
Kabore [16]	483.3 ± 145.4	1 - 7,421	100%
Kabore et al [18]	537	8.4 - 17,850	100%
Gueye et al [19]	72.2	6 - 578.9
Obiorah et al [20]			100%
Babacar et al [21]	25	6 - 80	100%
Badmus et al [22]			98.4%	Adenosquamous
Mawakyoma [23]		2.6 - > 20	99.1%	Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

Table 2. Mean PSA (ng/mL), the PSA Range as Well as the Histological Types

Study

PSA (ng/mL)

Histological type

Mean PSA (ng/mL)

PSA range (ng/mL)

Adenocarcinoma

Others

PSA: prostate specific antigen.

Niang et al [8]

1,447.57

5.88 - 21,660

Commonest

Amegbor et al [12]

88.5

7.8 - 560.4

95%

1.9% squamous cell

Ndoye et al [13]

1,447.57 ± 812

5.88 - 21.660

97.7 %

Tengue et al [14]

123.5

100%

Anunobi [15]

< 4.1 - > 100

99.1%

Kyei et al [10]

16.12 ± 13.68

2.45 - 62.20

Kabore [16]

483.3 ± 145.4

1 - 7,421

100%

Kabore et al [18]

537

8.4 - 17,850

100%

Gueye et al [19]

72.2

6 - 578.9

Obiorah et al [20]

100%

Babacar et al [21]

6 - 80

100%

Badmus et al [22]

98.4%

Adenosquamous

Mawakyoma [23]

2.6 - > 20

99.1%

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

**Table 3.** Few Sub-Saharan Studies Documented the Management of Localized Prostate Cancer
Study	Localized CaP (%)	Gleason	Available treatment modality	Outcome
CaP: prostate cancer; EBRT: external beam radiation therapy.
Niang et al [24]	< 27%		Radical prostatectomy, bilateral orchiectomy, hormonotherapy
Tengue et al [14]	6.40%		Radical prostatectomy (6.4%) hormonotherapy (93.1%)	15.1% mortality
Anumobi et al [15]		9
Kyei et al [10]	Localized	6	Radical prostatectomy/radiotherapy/hormonotherapy	Anastomotic urethral stricture, bladder neck stenosis
Kabore et al [16]	13.10%		Hormonotherapy, radical prostatectomy
Wasike et al [17]	12.50%	8		7.7% mortality
Kabore et al [18]	< 26%	≥ 7
Badmus et al [22]	5.80%		Hormonotherapy
Gueye et al [19]	43.80%
Obiorah et al [20]		8
Babacar et al [21]	Localized	6	Radical prostatectomy	Incontinence, erectile dysfunction
Ikuerowo et al [25]	26%	> 7
Yamoah et al [26]	34.60%	≤ 6	EBRT, brachytherapy, hormonotherapy

Table 3. Few Sub-Saharan Studies Documented the Management of Localized Prostate Cancer

Study

Localized CaP (%)

Gleason

Available treatment modality

Outcome

CaP: prostate cancer; EBRT: external beam radiation therapy.

Niang et al [24]

< 27%

Radical prostatectomy, bilateral orchiectomy, hormonotherapy

Tengue et al [14]

6.40%

Radical prostatectomy (6.4%) hormonotherapy (93.1%)

15.1% mortality

Anumobi et al [15]

Kyei et al [10]

Localized

Radical prostatectomy/radiotherapy/hormonotherapy

Anastomotic urethral stricture, bladder neck stenosis

Kabore et al [16]

13.10%

Hormonotherapy, radical prostatectomy

Wasike et al [17]

12.50%

7.7% mortality

Kabore et al [18]

< 26%

≥ 7

Badmus et al [22]

5.80%

Hormonotherapy

Gueye et al [19]

43.80%

Obiorah et al [20]

Babacar et al [21]

Localized

Radical prostatectomy

Incontinence, erectile dysfunction

Ikuerowo et al [25]

26%

> 7

Yamoah et al [26]

34.60%

≤ 6

EBRT, brachytherapy, hormonotherapy